Definition
Gynecologic oncology is the branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian, uterine, cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers.
Causes
- Genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2 in ovarian cancer)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (linked to cervical cancer)
- Hormonal imbalances
- Smoking and alcohol use
- Obesity and high-fat diets
- Family history of gynecologic cancers
Symptoms
- Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge
- Persistent pelvic pain or pressure
- Abdominal bloating or swelling
- Pain during intercourse
- Changes in bowel or bladder habits
- Unexplained weight loss
Diagnosing
- Pelvic examination
- Pap smear and HPV testing
- Imaging (Ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans)
- Blood tests (e.g., CA-125 for ovarian cancer)
- Biopsy for definitive diagnosis
Treatment
- Surgery (e.g., hysterectomy, removal of ovaries or fallopian tubes)
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Targeted therapies or immunotherapy
- Fertility-sparing options when possible
Prevention Tips
- Regular gynecologic check-ups and Pap smears
- HPV vaccination
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Quitting smoking
- Genetic counseling if there’s a family history of cancer
Conclusion
Early detection through regular screening and awareness of symptoms can significantly improve the prognosis of gynecologic cancers.